Method and apparatus for generating electrical energy downhole

ABSTRACT

A method and apparatus that uses the flow of drilling fluid to generate electrical energy in a downhole environment. A substantially cylindrical housing comprises a wall having an inlet, an outlet, and a hollow passageway therebetween. A flow of drilling fluid through the hollow passageway actuates a generator located therein, such that the generator generates electricity to power downhole tools, sensors, and networks. The miniaturization of the generator within the housing wall facilitates an unobstructed flow of drilling fluid through the central borehole of a drill string, while allowing for the introduction of tools and other equipment therein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to methods and systems for generating electrical energy in a downhole environment and, more particularly, to methods and systems utilizing a flow of drilling fluid to generate electricity downhole.

2. Background and Related Art

The goal of accessing data from a drill string has been expressed for more than half a century. As exploration and drilling technology has improved, this goal has become more important in the industry for successful oil, gas, and geothermal well exploration and production. For example, to take advantage of the several advances in the design of various tools and techniques for oil and gas exploration, it would be beneficial to have real time data such as temperature, pressure, inclination, salinity, etc. Several attempts have been made to devise a successful system for accessing such drill string data. However, due to the complexity, expense, and unreliability of such systems, many attempts to create such a system have failed to achieve significant commercial acceptance.

In U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,880 issued to Hall et al. (“Hall”), the inventors disclosed a “downhole transmission system” that overcomes many of the problems and limitations of the prior art. In the Hall system, data is transmitted in real time along the drill string by way of network hardware integrated directly into the drill string. This network hardware enables high-speed communication between various tools and sensors located along the drill string with surface analysis, diagnostic, and control equipment.

Hall thus solves many of the problems of the prior art by providing a reliable high-speed connection between downhole drilling components and the surface. Novel apparatus and methods are needed, however, to ensure an efficient and reliable energy source to power such a network.

Traditionally, oil and gas industries have relied on wireline conductors or batteries to supply electricity to particular downhole tools and sensors. Wireline conductors, however, cannot be used while drilling and are often unreliable since significant energy loss can be caused by the resistance or impedance of a long wireline conductor. In addition, extreme conditions downhole may corrode wireline conductors, necessitating frequent conductor repair and/or replacement.

Batteries, too, fail to adequately ensure an efficient and reliable energy source over time as they have an inherently finite life, requiring frequent replacement and/or recharging. This factor is particularly problematic in a downhole application where batteries tend to be inaccessible absent considerable effort in disassembling at least a portion of the drill string. Battery function also tends to be impaired as a result of extreme temperatures and pressures downhole, resulting in reduced electrical energy production and sub-optimal tool and/or sensor performance.

Although downhole electrical generators have been attempted to overcome some of the foregoing problems, known generators create additional problems that limit their usefulness in the downhole drilling industry. Specifically, some known generators obstruct the central borehole of the drill string, thus inhibiting a continuous flow of drilling fluid and precluding presentation of a wireline tool or other equipment downhole. Moreover, many known generators are designed for implementation in production wells rather than in connection with downhole drilling strings. Many known generators are also considerably complex devices of substantial mass, and are thus costly to implement and maintain, and difficult to replace and/or repair. Finally, many known generators are ill-equipped to weather extreme temperatures, pressures and corrosive conditions downhole.

Accordingly, what is needed is an improved downhole electrical generator device that may be implemented in connection with a downhole drill string in a position that does not obstruct a central borehole thereof. What is also needed is an improved downhole electrical generator device that is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, implement, and maintain. What is also needed is an improved downhole electrical generator having relatively small dimensions capable of easy access and repair. Finally what is needed is an improved downhole electrical generator device that is able to withstand extreme temperatures, pressures and corrosive conditions downhole.

Such methods and systems are disclosed and claimed herein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a method and apparatus for generating electrical energy in a downhole environment. Specifically, the present invention contemplates a miniature downhole electrical generator apparatus secured within a wall of a substantially cylindrical component. In certain embodiments, a substantially cylindrical component comprises a downhole tool or drill pipe; alternatively, a substantially cylindrical component comprises a modular node or other pipe insert member capable of being retained within the central bore of a downhole tool, pipe, or portion of drill string. A cylindrical housing of the downhole electrical generator apparatus of the present invention facilitates easy implementation, replacement and/or repair.

The cylindrical component comprises a wall having a hollow passageway defined by an inlet and an outlet. The hollow passageway is adapted to accommodate a flow of drilling fluid in a direction from the inlet to the outlet. The inlet may comprise a filter screen to filter the flow of fluid through the hollow passageway. The inlet may be located on an internal surface of the wall or an end of the wall. Similarly, the outlet may be located on an internal surface of the wall, an external surface of the wall, or an end of the wall. Depending on the location of the inlet and outlet, the direction of drilling fluid flow may be from inside the component to outside the component or from outside the component to inside the component, or from a first point inside the component to a second point inside the component. In a similar manner, the fluid flow may be from an outside inlet to an outside outlet. The direction and velocity of flow may be facilitated by the dimensions of the hollow passageway relative to the inlet and/or outlet, a valve, a nozzle, a pressure differential, passive flow, or by other means known to those in the art.

A turbine may be secured in the hollow passageway such it can rotate due to flow of drilling fluid. The turbine may be further coupled to a generator within the hollow passageway that generates electricity in response to the turbine's rotation. The generator may comprise a rotor and a stator. The rotor may be attached to the turbine and comprise at least one permanent magnet that may be magnetically insulated from the rotor. The rotor may comprise a non-magnetic material. The stator may reside substantially adjacent the rotor and comprise coils, including pot core coils. Rotation of the rotor causes a magnetic flux which generates electricity. A transformer coupled to the stator may convert generated electricity to usable voltage levels, which may be transmitted by a conductor to a battery, tool, or other storage receptacle or device known to those in the art. Further, the turbine may comprise a coil and the stator may comprise a magnetic field. The magnetic field may be generated by a permanent magnet, an electromagnet, or any commonly known method in the art.

The turbine and generator of the present invention may comprise non-magnetic steel alloys, man-made diamond, pre-cemented metal carbide, or other natural or synthetic resins known to those in the art capable of withstanding extreme downhole temperatures, vibrations or wear conditions as are typical downhole.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be set forth or will become more fully apparent in the description that follows and in the appended claims. The features and advantages may be realized and obtained by means of the instruments and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. Furthermore, the features and advantages of the invention may be learned by the practice of the invention or will be obvious from the description, as set forth hereinafter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the manner in which the above recited and other features and advantages of the present invention are obtained, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that the drawings depict only typical embodiments of the present invention and are not, therefore, to be considered as limiting the scope of the invention, the present invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a profile view of one embodiment of a drill rig and drill string in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a perspective cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a downhole tool in accordance with the present invention, wherein the downhole tool includes a transmission line and transmission elements to transmit data along the drill string;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a downhole network in accordance with the invention, integrated into the drill string;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram illustrating one method of transmitting data along a drill string;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram illustrating various types of hardware and software modules that may be included in a network node in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a high-level schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of a downhole network in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 7 is a more detailed schematic block diagram illustrating one embodiment of hardware and software components that may be included in a network node in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a perspective view of one embodiment of a network node in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating one embodiment of a downhole tool adapted to receive a network node in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 10 is cross-sectional perspective view of a tool joint adapted to receive a network node in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 11 is an enlarged cross-sectional perspective view of a tool joint adapted to receive a cylindrical component, where the cylindrical component incorporates a generator assembly in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 12 is an enlarged cross-sectional perspective view of the tool joint and generator assembly of FIG. 11;

FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a downhole electrical generator in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 14 is an alternate perspective view of the downhole electrical generator of FIG. 13;

FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a downhole electrical generator incorporated in connection with a transmission interface and associated cylindrical component;

FIG. 16 is a perspective view of the downhole electrical generator of FIG. 15;

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional perspective view of a downhole electrical generator implemented in a downhole tool, where the generator is driven by a high pressure differential; and

FIG. 18 is an alternate embodiment of the high pressure differential driven generator of FIG. 17, implemented in connection with a cylindrical component housed within a host downhole tool.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.

Many of the functional components and components described in this specification have been labeled as modules, in order to more particularly emphasize their implementation independence. For example, modules may be implemented in software for execution by various types of processors. An identified module of executable code may, for instance, comprise one or more physical or logical blocks of computer instructions that may, for instance, be organized as an object, procedure, or function. Nevertheless, the executables of an identified module need not be physically located together, but may comprise disparate instructions stored in different locations which, when joined logically together, comprise the module and achieve the stated purpose for the module. For example, a module of executable code could be a single instruction, or many instructions, and may even be distributed over several different code segments, among different programs, and across several memory devices.

Modules may also be implemented in hardware as electronic circuits comprising custom VLSI circuitry, off-the-shelf semiconductors such as logic chips, transistors, or other discrete components. A module may also be implemented in programmable hardware devices such as field programmable gate arrays, programmable array logic, programmable logic devices, or the like. Similarly, operational data may be identified and illustrated herein within modules, and may be embodied in any suitable form and organized within any suitable type of data structure. The operational data may be collected as a single data set, or may be distributed over different locations including over different storage devices, and may exist, at least partially, merely as electronic signals on a system or network.

Referring to FIG. 1, a drill rig 10 may include a derrick 12 and a drill string 14 comprised of multiple sections of drill pipe 16 and other downhole tools 16. Referring now to FIG. 2, and still generally to FIG. 1, drilling pipe 16 a, 16 b, or other downhole tools 16 a, 16 b, may include a pin end 100 and a box end 102 to connect the drill pipes 16 a, 16 b or tools 16 a, 16 b together. In certain embodiments, a pin end 100 may include an external threaded portion that screws into an internal threaded portion of the box end 102. When threading a pin end 100 into a corresponding box end 102, various shoulders may engage one another to provide structural support to the tool joint.

For example, in some types of drill pipe 16, a pin end 100 may include a primary shoulder 104 and a secondary shoulder 106. Likewise, the box end 102 may include a corresponding primary shoulder 108 and secondary shoulder 110. Drill pipe 16 that includes both a primary and secondary shoulder is often called “double shouldered” pipe. A primary shoulder 104, 108 may be labeled as such to indicate that the primary shoulder 104, 108 provides the majority of the structural support to the joint between sections of drill pipe 16 or downhole tools 16. Nevertheless, a secondary shoulder 106 may also engage a corresponding secondary shoulder 110 in the box end 102, providing additional support or strength to drill pipes 16 or components 16 connected in series. The drill string 14 is typically rotated by the drill rig 12 to turn a drill bit 20 that is loaded against the earth 19 to form a borehole 11. Rotation of the drill bit 20 may alternately be provided by other downhole tools such as drill motors, or drill turbines (not shown) located adjacent to the drill bit 20.

A bottom-hole assembly 21 may include a drill bit 20, sensors, and other downhole tools such as logging-while-drilling (“LWD”) tools, measurement-while-drilling (“MWD”) tools, diagnostic-while-drilling (“DWD”) tools, or the like. Other downhole tools may include heavyweight drill pipe, drill collar, stabilizers, hole openers, sub-assemblies, under-reamers, rotary steerable systems, drilling jars, drilling shock absorbers, and the like, which are all well known in the drilling industry.

While drilling, a drilling fluid is typically supplied under pressure at the drill rig 12 through the drill string 14. The drilling fluid typically flows in a direction 15 downhole through the central bore of the drill string 14 and then returns in an opposite direction uphole to the drill rig 10 through the annulus 11. Pressurized drilling fluid is circulated around the drill bit 20 to provide a flushing action to carry cuttings to the surface.

Referring to FIG. 3, while continuing to refer generally to FIG. 1, in selected embodiments, a downhole network 17 may be used to transmit information along the drill string 14. The downhole network 17 may include multiple nodes 18 a-e spaced at desired intervals along the drill string 14. The nodes 18 a-e may be intelligent computing devices 18 a-e, such as routers, or may be less intelligent connection devices, such as hubs, switches, repeaters, or the like, located along the length of the network 17. Each of the nodes 18 may or may not have a network address. A node 18 e may be located at or near the bottomhole assembly 21. The bottomhole assembly 21 may include a drill bit 20, drill collar, and other downhole tools and sensors designed to gather data, perform various functions, or the like.

Other intermediate nodes 18 b-d may be located or spaced along the network 17 to act as relay points for signals traveling along the network 17 and to interface to various tools or sensors located along the length of the drill string 14. Likewise, a top-hole node 18 a may be positioned at the top or proximate the top of the drill string 14 to interface with an analysis device 28, such as a personal computer 28.

Communication links 24 a-d may be used to connect the nodes 18 a-e to one another. The communication links 24 a-d may consist of cables or other transmission media integrated directly into the tools 16 making up the drill string 14, routed through the central bore of the drill string 14, or routed external to the drill string 14. Likewise, in certain embodiments, the communication links 24 a-d may be wireless connections. In selected embodiments, the downhole network 17 may function as a packet-switched or circuit-switched network 17.

To transmit data along the drill string 14, packets 22 a, 22 b may be transmitted between the nodes 18 a-e. Some packets 22 b may carry data gathered by downhole tools or sensors to uphole nodes 18 a, or may carry protocols or data necessary to the function of the network 17. Likewise, other packets 22 a may be transmitted from uphole nodes 18 a to downhole nodes 18 b-e. For example, these packets 22 a may be used to carry control signals or programming data from a top-hole node 18 a to downhole tools or sensors and to downhole nodes 18 b-e. Thus, a downhole network 17 may provide a high-speed means for transmitting data and information between downhole components and devices located at or near the earth's surface 19.

Referring to FIG. 4, in one embodiment, a downhole network 17 in accordance with the invention may include various nodes 18 spaced at selected intervals along the drill string 14. Each of the nodes 18 may communicate with a bottom-hole assembly 21. As data travels along the network 17, transmission elements 28 a-e may be used to transmit data across the tool joints. For information regarding one embodiment of suitable transmission elements 28 a-e and other downhole components, the reader is referred to U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,880 to Hall et al. (“Hall”) incorporated herein by reference, and other related patents also issued to Hall.

In Hall, inductive coils are used to transmit data signals across the tool joints. As described therein, a first inductive coil converts an electrical current to a magnetic field that is communicated across the tool joint. A second inductive coil detects the magnetic field and converts the magnetic field back to an electrical current. This allows a data signal to be transmitted across a tool joint even absent a reliable electrical connection. Nevertheless, in other embodiments, the transmission elements 28 a-e may also transmit data across the tool joint through direct contact.

Referring to FIG. 5, a network node 18 in accordance with the invention may include a combination of hardware 29 and software providing various functions 30. The functions 30 may be provided strictly by the hardware 29, software executable on the hardware 29, or a combination thereof. For example, hardware 29 may include one or several processors 31 capable of processing data as well as executing instructions. The processor 31 or processors 31 may include hardware 29 such as busses, clocks, cache, or other supporting hardware.

Likewise, the hardware 29 may include volatile 34 and non-volatile 36 memories 32 to store data and provide staging areas for data transmitted between hardware components 29. Volatile memory 34 may include random access memory (RAM), or equivalents thereof, providing high-speed memory storage. Memory 32 may also include selected types of non-volatile memory 36 such as read-only-memory (ROM), PROM, EEPROM, or the like, or other long-term storage devices, such as hard drives, floppy disks, flash memory, or the like. Ports 38 such as serial ports, parallel ports, or the like, may be used to interface to other devices connected to the node 18, such as sensors or tools located proximate the node 18.

A modem 40 may be used to modulate digital data onto an analog carrier signal for transmission over network cable or other transmission media, and likewise, demodulate the analog signals when received. A modem 40 may include various built in features including but not limited to error checking, data compression, or the like. In addition, the modem 40 may use any suitable modulation type such as ASK, PSK, QPSK, OOK, PCM, FSK, QAM, PAM, PPM, PDM, PWM, or the like, to name a few. The choice of a modulation type may depend on a desired data transmission speed, the bandwidth capability of the network hardware, as well as unique operating conditions that may exist in a downhole environment. Likewise, the modem 40 may be configured to operate in full-duplex, half-duplex, or other mode. The modem 40 may also use any of numerous networking protocols currently available, such as collision-based protocols like Ethernet, token-based, or asynchronous transfer (ATM) protocols.

A node 18 may also include one or several switches 42, multiplexers 42, or both. A switch 42 may filter, forward, and route traffic on the network. Multiplexers 42 (and corresponding demultiplexers 42) may transmit multiple signals over a single communications line or a single channel. The multiplexers 42 may use any known protocol to transmit information over the network 17, including but not limited to frequency-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, statistical time-division multiplexing, wave-division multiplexing, code-division multiplexing, spread spectrum multiplexing, or combinations thereof.

A node 18 may also include various downhole tools 46 and sensors 44. These tools 46 and sensors 44 may be integrated into the node 18 (i.e., share the same circuitry) or interface to the node 18 through ports 38. Tools 46 and sensors 44 may include devices such as coring tools, mud logging devices, pore fluid sensors, resistivity sensors, induction sensors, sonic devices, radioactivity sensors, electrical potential tools, temperature sensors, accelerometers, imaging devices, seismic devices, mechanical devices such as caliper tools or free point indicators, pressure sensors, inclinometers, surveying tools, navigation tools, or the like. These tools 46 and sensors 44 may be configured to gather data for analysis uphole, and may also receive data such as control signals, programming data, or the like, from uphole sources. For example, control signals originating at the surface may direct a sensor 44 to take a desired measurement. Likewise, selected tools 46 and sensors 44 may be re-programmed through the network 17 without extracting the tools from the borehole.

A drill string 14 may extend into the earth 20,000 feet or more. As a result, signal loss or attenuation may be a significant factor when transmitting data along the downhole network 17. This signal loss or attenuation may vary according to the network hardware. The reader is referred to the Hall patent for a description of one embodiment of various hardware components that may be used to construct the network 17. For example, a drill string 14 is typically comprised of multiple segments of drill pipe 16 or other drill tools 16. As a result, signal loss may occur each time a signal is transmitted from one downhole tool 16 to another 16. Since a drill string may include several hundred sections of drill pipe 16 or other tools 16, the aggregate attenuation can be significant. Likewise, attenuation may also occur in the cable or other transmission media routed along the drill string 14.

To compensate for signal attenuation, amplifiers 48, or repeaters 48, may be spaced at selected intervals along the network 17. The amplifiers 48 may receive a data signal, amplify it, and transmit it to the next node 18. Like amplifiers 48, repeaters 48 may be used to receive a data signal and retransmit it at higher power. However, unlike amplifiers 48, repeaters 48 may remove noise from the data signal. This may be done by demodulating the data from the transmitted signal and re-modulating it onto a new carrier.

Likewise, a node 18 may include various filters 50. Filters 50 may be used to filter out undesired noise, frequencies, and the like that may be present or introduced into a data signal traveling up or down the network 17. Likewise, the node 18 may include a power supply 52 to supply power to any or all of the hardware 29. The node 18 may also include other hardware 54, as needed, to provide other desired functionality to the node 18.

The node 18 may provide various functions 30 that are implemented by software, hardware, or a combination thereof. For example, the node's functions 30 may include data gathering 56, data processing 58, control 60, data storage 62, or other functions 64. Data may be gathered 56 from sensors 44 located downhole, tools 46, or other nodes 18 in communication with a selected node 18. This data 56 may be transmitted or encapsulated within data packets transmitted up and down the network 17.

Likewise, the node 18 may provide various data processing functions 58. For example, data processing may include data amplification 72 or repeating 72, routing 74 or switching 74 data packets transmitted along the network 17, error checking 76 of data packets transmitted along the network 17, filtering 78 of data, as well as data compression 79 and decompression 79. Likewise, a node 18 may process various control signals 60 transmitted from the surface to tools 46, sensors 44, or other nodes 18 located downhole. A node 18 may store data that has been gathered from tools 46, sensors 44, or other nodes 18 within the network 17. Similarly, the node 18 may include other functions 64, as needed.

In selected embodiments, a node 18 may include a data rate adjustment module 80. The data rate adjustment module 80 may monitor network traffic traveling in both uphole and downhole directions. The data rate adjustment module 80 may optimize the network's settings and efficiency by adjusting the allocation of bandwidth for data traveling uphole and downhole. As is typical in most communication systems, data rates may be limited by the available bandwidth of a particular system. For example, in downhole drilling systems, available bandwidth may be limited by the transmission cable, hardware used to communicate across tool joints, electronic hardware in the nodes 18, the downhole environment, or the like. Thus, the data rate adjustment module 80 may efficiently allocate the limited available bandwidth where it is most needed.

For example, in selected embodiments, most of the network traffic may flow from downhole tools 46 and sensors 44 to the surface for analysis. Thus, ordinarily, most of the network bandwidth may be allocated to traffic traveling uphole. Nevertheless, in some circumstances, more bandwidth may be needed for traffic traveling downhole. For example, in some cases, significant downhole bandwidth may be needed when reprogramming downhole tools 46 and sensors 44, or when sending large amounts of control data downhole. In these instances, the data rate adjustment module 80 may adjust the bandwidth to provide additional bandwidth to downhole traffic. In some instances, this may include reducing the allocated bandwidth for uphole traffic. Likewise, when the need for additional downhole bandwidth has abated, the data rate adjustment module 80 may readjust the available bandwidth by re-allocating bandwidth to uphole traffic.

In certain embodiments, the node 18 may include hardware or software to prioritize packets 81. Because various tools and sensors connected to the nodes 18 may gather many diverse types of data, such as pressure, temperature, seismic data, inclination, azimuth, salinity, or other data, to name a few, certain types of data may be more time sensitive, important, or have greater priority for any number of possible reasons. As such, it may be desirable that certain types of data reach the surface before other types of data in situations where data or packets are competing for bandwidth. In such cases, a node 18 may be configured to give priority to certain types of information or data packets.

For example, in selected embodiments, a node 18 may be configured to provide various “qualities of service” to different types of data or packets traveling through the network 17. In selected embodiments, the network 17 may be configured to reserve certain resources along the route from source to destination, such as bandwidth, channels, or the like, for certain types of data. In this way, certain types of data may be transmitted in “real time” while others types data may experience some delay.

In certain embodiments, priority tags may be added to a packet to indicate the data's priority. The nodes 18 may parse these priority tags to determine which data or packets are to be given priority over the network 17. In other embodiments, information may be added to the packet that indicates the packet's age. For example, an older packet may indicate that the packet has experienced delay or other congestion within the network. As such, an older packet may be given priority over younger packets as it is transmitted through the network 17. As the packet passes from node 18 to node 18 in the network 17, each node 18 may adjust the age of the packet to account for delay incurred as the packet passes through the node 18.

Referring to FIG. 6, in one embodiment, a downhole network 17 in accordance with the invention may include a top-hole node 18 a and a bottom-hole node 18 e. A bottom-hole node 18 e may interface to various components located in or proximate a bottom-hole assembly 21. For example, a bottom-hole node 18 e may interface to a temperature sensor 83, an accelerometer 84, a DWD (diagnostic-while-drilling) tool 86, or other tools 46 c or sensors 44 c such as those listed in the description of FIG. 4.

A bottom-hole node 18 e may communicate with an intermediate node 18 c located at an intermediate point along the drill string 14. The intermediate node 18 c may also provide an interface to tools 46 b or sensors 44 b, such as seismic devices, communicating through the network 17. Likewise, other nodes 18, such as a second intermediate node 18 b, may be located along the drill string 14 to communicate with other sensors 44 a or tools 46 a. Any number of intermediate nodes 18 b, 18 c may be used along the network 17 between the top-hole node 18 a and the bottom-hole node 18 e.

In selected embodiments, a physical interface 82 may be provided to connect network components to a drill string 14. For example, since data may be transmitted directly up the drill string on cables or other transmission media integrated directly into drill pipe 16 or other drill string components 16, the physical interface 82 may provide a physical connection to the drill string so data may be routed off of the drill string 14 to network components, such as a top-hole node 18 a, or personal computer 26.

For example, a top-hole node 18 a may be operably connected to the physical interface 82. The top-hole node 18 a may also be connected to an analysis device 26 such as a personal computer 26. The personal computer 26 may be used to analyze or examine data gathered from various downhole tools 46 or sensors 44. Likewise, tool and sensor data 81 a may be saved or output from the analysis device 26. Likewise, in other embodiments, tool and sensor data 81 b may be routed directly off the top-hole node 18 a for analysis.

Referring to FIG. 7, in selected embodiments, a node 18 may include various components to provide desired functionality. For example switches 42, multiplexers 42, or a combination thereof may be used to receive, switch, and multiplex or demultiplex signals, received from other uphole 96 a and downhole 96 b nodes 18. The switches/multiplexers 42 may direct traffic such as data packets or other signals into and out of the node 18, and may ensure that the packets or signals are transmitted at proper time intervals, frequencies, or combinations thereof.

In certain embodiments, the multiplexer 42 may transmit several signals simultaneously on different carrier frequencies. In other embodiments, the multiplexer 42 may coordinate the time-division multiplexing of several signals. Signals or packets received by the switch/multiplexer 42 may be amplified 48 and filtered 50, such as to remove noise. In certain embodiments received signals may simply be amplified 48. In other embodiments, the signals may be received, data may be demodulated therefrom and stored, and the data may be remodulated and retransmitted on a selected carrier frequency having greater signal strength. A modem 40 may be used to demodulate digital data from signals received from the switch/multiplexer and modulate digital data onto carrier signals for transfer to the switches/multiplexer for transmission uphole or downhole.

The modem 40 may also perform various tasks such as error-checking 76 and data compression. The modem 40 may also communicate with a microcontroller 90. The microcontroller 90 may execute any of numerous applications 92. For example, the microcontroller 90 may run applications 92 whose primary function is to acquire data from one or a plurality of sensors 44 a-c. For example, the microcontroller 90 may interface to sensors 44 such as inclinometers, thermocouples, accelerometers, imaging devices, seismic data gathering devices, or other sensors such as those listed in the description of FIG. 4. Thus, the node 18 may include circuitry that functions as a data acquisition tool.

In other embodiments, the microcontroller 90 may run applications 92 that may control various tools 46 or sensors 44 located downhole. That is, not only may the node 18 be used as a repeater, and as a data gathering device, but it may also be used to receive or provide control signals to control selected tools 46 and sensors 44, as needed. The node 18 may also include a volatile memory device 34, such as a FIFO 34 or RAM 34, that may be used to store data needed by or transferred between the modem 40 and the microcontroller 90.

Other components of the node 18 may include non-volatile memory 36, which may be used to store data, such as configuration settings, node addresses, system settings, and the like. One or several clocks 88 may be provided to provide clock signals to the modem 40, the microcontroller 90, or any other device. A power supply 52 may receive power from an external or internal power source 94, as discussed in more detail with reference to FIGS. 10-14, below. The power supply 52 may provide power to any or all of the components located within the node 18. Likewise, an RS232 port 38 may be used to provide a serial connection to the node 18.

Thus, a node 18, as more generally described in FIG. 5, may provide many more functions than those supplied by a simple signal repeater. The node 18 may provide many of the advantages of an addressable node on a local area network. The addressable node 18 may amplify signals received from uphole 96 a or downhole 96 b sources, be used as a point of data acquisition, and be used to provide control signals to desired sensors 44 or tools 46. These represent only a few examples of the versatility of the node 18. Thus, the node 18, although useful and functional as a repeater, may have a greatly expanded capability.

Apparatus and methods may be implemented to transceive information between nodes 18 along a string of connected drill pipes 16 or other components 16. One major issue, however, is the transmission of information across joints where a pin end 100 connects to a box end 102. Again referring generally to FIG. 2, in selected embodiments, a transmission element 112 a may be mounted proximate a mating surface 106 or shoulder 106 on a pin end 100 to communicate information to another transmission element 112 b located on a mating surface 110 or shoulder 110 of the box end 102. Cables 114 a, 114 b, or other transmission media 114 a, 114 b, may be operably connected to the transmission elements 112 a, 112 b to transmit information along the downhole tools 16 a, 16 b.

In certain embodiments, an annular recess may be provided in the secondary shoulder 106 of the pin end 100 and in the secondary shoulder 110 of the box end 102 to house each of the transmission elements 112 a, 112 b. The transmission elements 112 a, 112 b may have an annular shape and be mounted around the radius of the shoulders 106, 110. Since a secondary shoulder 106 may contact or come very close to a secondary shoulder 110 of a box end 102, a transmission element 112 a may sit substantially flush with the secondary shoulder 106 on the pin end 100. Likewise, a transmission element 112 b may sit substantially flush with the surface of the secondary shoulder 110 of the box end 102.

In selected embodiments, a transmission element 112 a may transmit data to a corresponding transmission element 112 b through direct electrical contact therewith. In other embodiments, the transmission element 112 a may convert an electrical signal to a magnetic field or magnetic current. A corresponding transmission element 112 b, located proximate the transmission element 112 a, may detect the magnetic field or current. The magnetic field may induce an electrical current in the transmission element 112 b. This electrical current may then be transmitted from the transmission element 112 b by way of an electrical cable 114 b routed along the drill pipe 16 b or downhole component 16 b.

Referring to FIG. 8, in certain embodiments, a node 18 may include a cylindrical housing 122 defining a central bore 120. The cylindrical housing 122 may be substantially circular. The central bore 120 may have a diameter that is slightly smaller than the inner bore diameter of a typical section of drill pipe 16 to accommodate and provide space to components of the node 18.

Nevertheless, in selected embodiments, as batteries and electronic components become more compact, it is feasible that the central bore 120 of the node 18 could be substantially equal to that normally encountered in sections of drill pipe 16 or other downhole tools 16. The node 18 may be configured for insertion into a host downhole tool 16. Thus, the node 18 may be removed or inserted as needed to access or service components located therein.

In selected embodiments, the node 18 may include one or several grooves 124 or seal contact surfaces 124 to seal the node 18 within a host downhole tool 16. Seals inserted into the seal contact surfaces 124 or grooves 124 may prevent fluids such as drilling mud, lubricants, oil, water, and the like from contaminating circuitry or components inside the node 18. Moreover, the entry of other substances such as dirt, rocks, gasses, and the like, may also be prevented.

In selected embodiments, the node 18 may include one or several recesses 126 a-c to house various components contained in the node 18. Selected recesses 126 c may contain node circuitry 140 as well as downhole tools 46 and sensors 44, such as seismic devices, that may fit in the recess 126 c. Other recesses 126 a, 126 b may be used for batteries 136 or other components. One or several channels 130 may be milled or formed in the cylindrical housing 122 to provide for the routing of wires between recesses 126 a c. In selected embodiments, a connector 128 may be used to connect node circuitry 140, tools 46, and sensors 44 to a cable, wire, or other link, traveling up or down the drill string 14.

As illustrated, the node 18 may be characterized by a general wall thickness 134. Likewise, in regions proximate recesses 126 or other channels 130, a thinner wall thickness may be present. Nevertheless, a critical wall thickness should be maintained to provide structural reliability to the node 18 to support stresses encountered in a downhole environment. The cylindrical housing 122 may be constructed of any suitable material including steel, electrically non-conducting alloys, aluminum, plastics, and the like, capable of withstanding the pressures, stresses, temperatures, and abrasive nature of a downhole environment.

As illustrated, one or several transmission paths 132 may be milled or formed into the wall of the node 18 to provide an outlet for cables, wires, or other transmission media exiting the recess 126 c. In selected embodiments, a connector 128 may be provided to simply link up with or connect to node circuitry 140, or in other embodiments, a channel 132 a may enable the routing of cables, wires, and the like from the node circuitry 140 to a transmission element 112. A transmission element 112 may be provided in an annular recess 135 milled or otherwise formed into the end of the cylindrical housing 122.

As illustrated, a node 18 is equipped with components or circuitry 140 needed to provide functionality to the node 18. For example, batteries 136 connected in series or parallel may be inserted into selected recesses 126 of the node 18. Wires 138 may be routed through channels 130 interconnecting the recesses 126 to connect the batteries 136 together, or to connect the batteries 136 to node circuitry 140.

Likewise, node circuitry 140, or components 140, may be located within other recesses 126 c. As was previously stated, a conductor 142, cable 142, or other transmission media 142, may travel from the node circuitry 140 to a transmission element 112. The transmission element 112 may transmit energy to another transmission element in contact therewith. The transmission element 112 may have an annular shape and may transmit energy by direct electrical contact, or may convert an electrical current to a magnetic field. The magnetic field may then be detected by another transmission element in close proximity thereto located on a subsequent downhole tool 16.

Referring to FIG. 9, in selected embodiments, a downhole tool 16 or several downhole tools 16 may be adapted to accommodate the node 18 illustrated in FIG. 8. This may allow nodes 18 to be distributed at desired intervals along a drill string 14.

For example, in selected embodiments, a node 18 may be inserted into a host downhole tool 116 modified to receive the node 18. This host tool 116 may include a threaded portion, such as a box end 102, to receive the pin end 100 of another downhole tool 16. An oversize bore 119 may be provided in a portion 118 a of a downhole tool 16 to accommodate the node 18, which may have a narrowed bore 121 smaller than the standard central bore 120, but sufficient to accommodate the flow of mud or other drilling fluids therethrough. Nevertheless, as electronic circuitry, batteries, and the like become smaller and more compact, the diameter of the narrow bore 121 will more closely approximate the diameter of the standard central bore 120. A transmission line may be used carry data up and down the drill string 14 from the node 18. Because the node 18 fits inside the inside diameter of the host downhole tool 116, the node's components, including node circuitry 140 and batteries 136, may be protected from the downhole environment.

Referring now to FIGS. 9 and 10, one embodiment of a node 18 housed within a host downhole tool 116 may comprise a secondary shoulder insert 141 that may be inserted into a portion 118 a of the host tool 116 to absorb joint stress. Indeed, drill pipe 16 suitable for use with a node 18 typically includes a pin end 100 that threads into a corresponding box end 102 of another downhole tool 16. Normally, a primary shoulder on a pin end 104 mates to a corresponding primary shoulder on the box end 108. Likewise, a secondary shoulder on the pin end 106 mates to a corresponding secondary shoulder on the box end 110.

Although a primary shoulder may absorb the majority of the joint stress between two interconnected downhole tools, stress absorbed by the secondary shoulder is significant to the strength of the joint. Thus, when threading a first portion 118 a of a host downhole tool 116 into a second portion 118 b, the structure 118 a, 118 b should provide at least as much strength as is provided by a normal pin end and box end connection.

As illustrated, the portion 118 a lacks a secondary shoulder to enable insertion of the node 18 into the bore 120. Thus, in selected embodiments, a secondary shoulder insert 141 may be inserted into the portion 118 a to absorb stress normally incident on a secondary shoulder. In addition, since the insert 141 absorbs stress normally incident on the secondary shoulder, pressure may be relieved from the node 18.

As shown in FIG. 10, external threads of the pipe section 118 b may thread into internal threads of the other pipe section 118 a. Because of the lack of a natural secondary shoulder, a secondary shoulder insert 141 may include grooves or threads 143 to engage corresponding grooves 144 formed in the internal diameter of the section 118 a. Thus, the secondary shoulder insert 141 may provide a quasi-secondary shoulder, but may also be removed to allow insertion and removal of the node 18 from the pipe section 118 a.

A transmission interface 146 may fit within the inside diameter of the secondary shoulder insert 141 and be pressed firmly against the node 18 to provide effective signal coupling therefrom. For example, the node 18 may include an annular transmission element 28 a. The transmission interface 146 may also include an annular transmission element 28 b in close proximity to the transmission element 28 a to provide efficient signal coupling therebetween.

Various seals 149 in grooves or recesses of the node 18 may seal against the inside diameter of the pipe section 118 a to prevent contamination of sensitive components.

A reliable and efficient power supply is critical to node function, and may be adapted to power other devices and/or tools. Referring now to FIGS. 11 and 12, according to certain aspects of the present invention, a power supply 52 may comprise an internal downhole electrical generator assembly 200 adapted to reside within a wall 181 of a substantially cylindrical component 180. A substantially cylindrical component 180 may comprise a node 18, downhole tool 16, drill pipe 16, pipe insert member 141 (not shown), or other structure known to those in the art. In certain embodiments, a substantially cylindrical component 180 is a modular component adapted to be received within the central bore 120 of a downhole tool 16, drill pipe 16, or other segment of drill string 14. In certain embodiments, the cylindrical component 180 may be adapted to be integrated into the box end 102 of a downhole tool 16 or drill pipe 16 by way of complementary threads, or by any other means known to those in the art. A cylindrical component 180 preferably comprises an internal diameter just less than the internal diameter of the box end 102 such that the substantially cylindrical component 180 may be quickly and easily implemented in connection with existing drill string components without obstructing the central bore 120 thereof.

An internal downhole electrical generator assembly 200 in accordance with the present invention may comprise a turbine 202, a generator 204, a transformer 226, and a conductor 228, as shown in FIG. 13, where each component of the assembly 200 comprises dimensions capable of being retained within a wall 181 of the cylindrical component 180. The unique placement of the downhole electrical generator assembly 200 within a wall 181 of the cylindrical component 180 enables an unobstructed flow of drilling fluid through the central bore 120 of the drill string 14 while providing a continuous, reliable source of energy to downhole components.

Specifically, a downhole electrical generator assembly 200 in accordance with the present invention may be adapted to generate electricity in response to a flow of drilling fluid. As discussed with reference to FIG. 1 above, pressurized drilling fluid flows through a central bore 120 of the drill string 14 to lubricate moving parts, as well as to flush cuttings to the surface. A hollow passageway 190 may be milled into the wall 181 of the cylindrical component 180 to enable a flow of drilling fluid in a direction 15 therethrough. The hollow passageway 190 may comprise dimensions sufficient to accommodate the components of the downhole electrical generator assembly 200 disclosed herein.

A hollow passageway 190 may comprise an inlet 192 and an outlet 194. In certain embodiments, the dimensions of the inlet 192 and/or outlet 194 may be selectively adjusted according to electrical output requirements of the downhole electrical generator assembly 200. Alternatively, in some embodiments, as discussed in more detail with reference to FIGS. 16-18 below, a nozzle 240 may be implemented within the passageway 190 to regulate a flow of fluid therethrough.

The hollow passageway 190 may enable a flow of drilling fluid from an inner surface 182 of the wall 181 to an outer surface 184 thereof, or from a first point on the inner surface 182 to a second point on the inner surface 182. Alternatively, the hollow passageway 190 may enable a flow of drilling fluid between an end 186 of the wall 181 and an inner surface 182. In certain embodiments, as illustrated in FIGS. 10-15 herein, the flow of drilling fluid is routed so as not to compromise the hydraulic integrity of the drill string 14. The hollow passageway 190 thus extends between a first point on an inner surface 182 of the wall and a second point on the inner surface 182, or between an end 186 and a point on the inner surface 182.

Referring now to FIG. 12, where the cylindrical component 180 comprises a node 18 or other pipe insert member (not shown) capable of being retained within a portion of the central bore 120 of a drill string 14, a wall thickness 196 of the cylindrical component 180 may be sufficient to expose an inlet 192 located at an end 186 of the wall 181 to the flow of drilling fluid. Alternatively, the cylindrical component 180 may comprise an internal diameter smaller than an internal diameter corresponding to a pin end 100 of an adjacent tool or pipe 16, or may be offset therefrom, to expose an inlet 192 located on an end 186 to the flow of drilling fluid.

In certain embodiments, the central bore 120 of the cylindrical component 180 may be constricted at an area substantially corresponding to the hollow passageway 190 to promote a stream of drilling fluid from the inlet 192 to the outlet 194. Alternatively, a stream of drilling fluid may be directed through the hollow passageway 190 by selectively constricting the central bore 120 at an alternate position, by valves, a suction device, passive flow, or by any other method or device known to those in the art. According to certain embodiments of the present invention, as discussed in more detail with reference to FIGS. 16-18 below, a high pressure differential between the inlet 192 and the outlet 194 may direct the flow of drilling fluid.

In any case, the direction 15 of the flow of drilling fluid through the passageway 190 actuates the downhole electrical generator assembly 200 secured therein. Specifically, as illustrated in FIGS. 13 and 14, the pressure of drilling fluid through the inlet 192 is converted to velocity by guide vanes 201 on the turbine 202, causing the turbine 202 to rotate. A turbine in accordance with the present may comprise a Kaplan turbine, a Pelton turbine, a Turgo turbine, a Francis turbine, a cross-flow turbine, or any other type of turbine known to those in the art. In certain embodiments, a turbine 202 comprises more than one set of guide vanes 201, where the sets of guide vanes 201 are longitudinally spaced by a shaft 203 and, optionally, straightening vanes (not shown).

A turbine 202 may comprise steel, non-magnetic steel, pre-cemented metal carbide such as tungsten carbide, diamond, or any other natural or synthetic material known to those in the art capable of resisting extreme temperatures, pressures, abrasives and wear downhole. In certain embodiments, a turbine 202 comprises steel coated with a natural or synthetic material such as pre-cemented carbide such as tungsten carbide, or diamond. Bearings 216 allowing rotational movement of the turbine 202 may also comprise carbide, diamond, or any other material known to those in the art capable of withstanding extreme downhole conditions.

The turbine 202 may be directly coupled to a generator 204, or may be operatively connected to the generator 204 by any means or methods known to those in the art. A generator 204 may comprise a rotor 206 and a stator 210. Preferably, a rotor 206 comprises a plurality of permanent magnets 208 affixed thereto. The stator 210 comprises coils 214 circumscribing a core 212 to create an electromagnet. The stator 210 may be secured substantially adjacent the rotor 206 such that rotation of the rotor 206 causes a flux in the magnetic field of the stator 210 to generate electricity. The stator 210 may comprise a non-magnetic material, such as non-magnetic stainless steel. The permanent magnets 208 may be magnetically insulated from the stator 206 with a material such as ferrite.

A stator core 212 preferably comprises soft ferrite having coils, including a pot core geometry. This geometry is designed to contain substantially all of the magnetic flux generated from the interaction between the rotor 206 and stator 210. Alternatively, the core 212 may comprise an alternative closed magnetic path core geometry or any other core geometry known to those in the art.

Stator coils 214 may be adapted to produce either direct or alternating electrical current. The electrical current so generated may be transmitted to a storage receptacle 230 or internal mechanical or electrical device via a conductor 228 connected to the generator 204.

In certain embodiments, a conductor 228 may reside within a recess 234 adjoining the hollow passageway 190 and a pocket 236 housing a battery or other storage receptacle 230 or mechanical or electrical device. Seals 232 may occupy a space between the conductor 228 and recess 234 to isolate the conductor 228, thereby promoting efficient transmission of electricity to the intended target.

A filter 218 may be implemented to cover the inlet 192 of the hollow passageway 190 to filter the stream of drilling fluid 15 to exclude large particles and debris that may become lodged within the hollow passageway 190 or that may otherwise damage the downhole electrical generator assembly 200 or associated components. In certain embodiments, such as those illustrated by FIGS. 10 and 11, the filter 218 may comprise a diameter substantially corresponding to the inlet 192 and be implemented directly over the inlet 192. Alternatively, as illustrated in FIGS. 16-18, the filter 218 may comprise a surface area substantially greater than a diameter corresponding to the inlet 192 so as to facilitate self-cleaning of the filter 218. A filter 218 may comprise, for example, a Thompson filter, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,132,013, or any other filter known to those in the art.

Referring now to FIGS. 15 and 16, in certain embodiments of the present invention that implement a node 18 having a secondary shoulder insert 141, as discussed above with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10, a filter 218 may be implemented along an inner surface 182 (FIG. 11) of a transmission interface 146 such that a flow of fluid is drawn through a void 220 created between the transmission interface 146 and the filter 218 into the inlet 192. In this embodiment, the flow of fluid is substantially passive, where the combination of the void 220 beneath the filter 218 and the inlet 192 communicating with the void 220 draws fluid into the hollow passageway 190 and through the generator 200. In other embodiments, the dimensions of the central bore 120 may be altered to facilitate a venturi effect with respect to the passageway 190. Alternatively, a suction device or other device or method known to those in the art may be implemented to draw a flow of fluid from the inlet 192 to an outlet 194 located on an inner surface 182 of the node 18 or other cylindrical component 180.

The filter 218 of the embodiment depicted by FIGS. 15 and 16 may occupy an entire internal diameter of the transmission interface 146, or any portion thereof. Preferably, filter 218 dimensions are substantially greater than inlet 192 dimensions to facilitate self-cleaning of the filter 218 and thereby prevent clogs at the inlet 192. A void 220 between the filter 218 and a surface of the transmission interface 146 may correspond to the filter 218 dimensions, or any portion thereof. In certain embodiments, the inlet 192 communicates with the void 220 through a wall of the transmission interface 146. Alternatively, the inlet 192 communicates with the void 220 through a wall 181 of the cylindrical component 180.

Referring to FIG. 17, in some embodiments, an inlet 192 may draw fluid from the inner surface 182 of the wall 181 to an outlet 194 on the outer surface 184 of the wall 181, thereby creating a high pressure differential to drive the generator assembly 200 with increased efficiency. In certain embodiments, a high pressure differential may comprise, for example, the difference between an internal pressure and external pressure as great as 4,000 psi. In selected embodiments, a nozzle 240 may be implemented within the hollow passageway 190 to regulate the rate of fluid flow where there is a high pressure differential between the inlet 192 and the outlet 194.

A nozzle 240 may comprise, for example, a substantially conical aperture having an intake opening 242 and an exit opening 244, where a diameter corresponding to the intake opening 242 is substantially less than a diameter corresponding to the exit opening 244. The diameter of the intake opening 242 may be selected according to a desired rate of flow through the generator 200. In this manner, the rate of flow through the generator 200 may be selectively slowed and maintained substantially constant despite a high pressure differential between the inlet 192 and the outlet 194. A nozzle 240 may be sealed within the hollow passageway by way of seals 233, and may comprise steel, tungsten carbide or another pre-cemented metal carbide, diamond, or a combination thereof, or any other material known to those in the art capable of withstanding extreme downhole conditions, such as erosion, corrosion, high pressure, and high temperature. In selected embodiments, a nozzle 240 may be coated with similar materials or a combination thereof.

As illustrated in FIG. 17, for example, a flow of fluid traverses the filter 218 from the central bore 120 of a downhole tool 16, facilitated by a high internal versus external pressure differential. An inlet 192 draws the fluid into the hollow passageway 190 and through the nozzle 240. The small diameter intake opening 242 regulates the flow of fluid to achieve a desired rate of flow and energy output. The fluid then proceeds through the turbine 202 to absorb the energy transferring it to the alternator. The flow of fluid exits the generator assembly 200 and hollow passageway 190 through the outlet 194, which traverses an outer surface 184 of the wall 181 of the node 18.

In certain embodiments, a generator assembly 200 responsive to a high pressure differential may be incorporated within a wall 181 of a node 18 or other cylindrical component 180. Referring now to FIG. 18, a cylindrical component 180 may comprise the filter 218, hollow passageway 190, nozzle 240, turbine 202, and generator assembly 200 of FIG. 17. The outlet 194, however, may traverse the outer surface of the wall 116 of the cylindrical component 180 of the downhole tool 16, and may communicate with the annulus 11 through the wall of a downhole tool 16.

Specifically, in certain embodiments of a downhole tool 16, an opening 246 is provided to intersect tool the wall of tool 16 at a location substantially corresponding to the outlet 194. The opening 246, according to the embodiment of the present invention depicted by FIG. 18, may route a flow of fluid through the outlet 194 and a wall of a host downhole tool 116 to enable a pressure differential between the annulus 11 and the central bore 120 to drive a flow of fluid to generate electricity. Seals 124 may seal space between the cylindrical component 180 and the host downhole tool 16 to ensure a direct flow of fluid from the outlet 194 to the annulus 11, through the wall of a host tool 116. 

1. A downhole generator apparatus for producing electricity in a downhole environment, comprising: a substantially cylindrical housing comprising a wall having an inlet, an outlet, and a hollow passageway therebetween, said hollow passageway adapted to accommodate a flow of drilling fluid; a turbine rotatably secured within said hollow passageway of said wall, said turbine adapted to rotate in response to said flow of drilling fluid through said hollow passageway; and at least one generator operatively connected to said turbine and contained within said hollow passageway, said generator adapted to generate electricity upon rotation of said turbine.
 2. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a conductor coupled to said at least one generator to transmit said electricity to at least one of a storage receptacle, a mechanical device, and an electrical device.
 3. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, further comprising bearings disposed between said turbine and said hollow passageway.
 4. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, wherein said substantially cylindrical housing is selected from the group consisting of a downhole tool, a drill pipe, a network node, and a pipe insert member.
 5. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, wherein said substantially cylindrical housing further comprises at least one network node component integrated into said wall.
 6. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 7, wherein said at least one network node component is operatively coupled to said at least one generator to receive electricity therefrom.
 7. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, wherein said turbine comprises a material selected from the group consisting of steel, tungsten, diamond and carbide.
 8. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, wherein said inlet of said hollow passageway and said outlet of said hollow passageway each correspond to a location selected from the group consisting of an inner surface of said wall, an outer surface of said wall, and an end of said wall.
 9. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a filter proximate said inlet to filter said flow of drilling fluid.
 10. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a nozzle secured within said hollow passageway substantially adjacent said turbine to regulate said flow of drilling fluid from said inlet to said outlet.
 11. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 1, wherein said at least one generator further comprises: a rotor operatively connected to said turbine, said rotor comprising at least one permanent magnet; and at least one stator fixed substantially adjacent said rotor, wherein rotation of said rotor causes a magnetic flux in said stator to generate said electricity.
 12. The downhole generator apparatus of claim 11, wherein said at least one stator comprises coils, including pot core coils.
 13. A system for generating electricity in a downhole environment, comprising: a drill string having a central bore therethrough; a substantially cylindrical housing adapted to reside within at least a portion of said central bore, said housing comprising a wall having an inlet, an outlet, and a hollow passageway therebetween, said hollow passageway adapted to promote a downward flow of drilling fluid therethrough; a turbine rotatably secured within said hollow passageway of said wall, said turbine adapted to rotate in response to said flow of drilling fluid through said hollow passageway; and at least one generator operatively connected to said turbine and contained within said hollow passageway, said generator adapted to generate electricity upon rotation of said turbine.
 14. The system of claim 13, further comprising a conductor coupled to said at least one generator to transmit said electricity to at least one of a storage receptacle, a mechanical device, and an electrical device.
 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising bearings disposed between said turbine and said hollow passageway.
 16. The system of claim 13, wherein said substantially cylindrical housing further comprises at least one network node component integrated into said wall.
 17. The system of claim 16, wherein said at least one network node component is operatively coupled to said at least one generator to receive electricity therefrom.
 18. The system of claim 13, wherein said turbine is coated by a material selected from the group consisting of steel, tungsten, diamond and carbide.
 19. The system of claim 13, wherein each of said inlet and said outlet of said hollow passageway corresponds to a location selected from the group consisting of an inner surface of said wall, an outer surface of said wall, and an end of said wall.
 20. The system of claim 13, further comprising a filter proximate said inlet to filter said flow of drilling fluid.
 21. The system of claim 13, further comprising a nozzle secured within said hollow passageway substantially adjacent said turbine to regulate said flow of drilling fluid from said inlet to said outlet.
 22. The system of claim 13, wherein said at least one generator further comprises: a rotor operatively connected to said turbine, said rotor comprising at least one permanent magnet; and at least one stator fixed substantially adjacent said rotor, wherein rotation of said rotor causes a magnetic flux in said stator to generate said electricity.
 23. The system of claim 22, wherein said at least one stator comprises coils, including pot core coils.
 24. A method for generating electricity in a downhole drill string, comprising: providing a downhole drill string having a central bore; integrating a substantially cylindrical housing into said downhole drill string, said substantially cylindrical housing having a bore substantially corresponding to said central bore; integrating into a wall of said substantially cylindrical housing a hollow passageway having an inlet and an outlet, said hollow passageway adapted to accommodate a flow of drilling fluid; securing within said hollow passageway a turbine and at least one generator, said turbine adapted to rotate in response to said flow of drilling fluid; rotating, by said flow of drilling fluid, said turbine; and generating, via said at least one generator, electricity in response to rotation of said turbine.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said providing a substantially cylindrical housing further comprises: adapting said substantially cylindrical housing to reside within at least a portion of said central bore; and securing said substantially cylindrical housing within said central bore.
 26. The method of claim 24, further comprising filtering said flow of drilling fluid proximate said inlet.
 27. The method of claim 24, further comprising regulating, via a nozzle, said flow of drilling fluid between said inlet and said outlet. 